John Proctor’s Conflict Between Personal Identity and Public Image

Society labels individuals to have certain morals, values, and ideas that most often are contradicted by what the individual's own self-image. In Arthur Miller's novel The Crucible the hero , John Proctor, is challenged by his desire to maintain his high social standing in the community even though he believes himself to be majorly flawed. John Proctor lives within a rigid, theocratic Puritan society which condemns miscreants. His essential conflict was the difference between the images of his own personal identity and that which society produced.John Proctor thought himself to be a fraud and therefore, believed he should not be held in such high social regard. The community looked up to him as an honest, good, hard-working man, â€Å"†¦ in Proctor's presence a fool felt his foolishness instantly†(Miller20). Unfortunately , Proctor's innate impulses caused he much internal turmoil, â€Å"†¦ he is a sinner, a sinner not only against the moral fashion of the time, but against his own vision of decent conduct† (Miller20). His extramarital affair with Abigail Williams, a seventeen year old ex-servant, defiled his own moral code.It besmirched him in the eyes of God, his wife Elizabeth, and himself. Proctor lacks the capacity to forgive his transgressions because he cannot seem to wash away his sins. Even though most of the people around him see him in a positive light, he feels a strong sense of guilt, ( Elizabeth to Proctor) â€Å"I do not judge you. The magistrate sits in your heart that judges you. I never thought you but a good man, John Proctor†(Miller 55). Because of Proctor's guilt over the sordid relationship between him and Abigail he deems his public image to a be facade.Living under this pretense causes him much anguish though out the book. Proctor is reluctant to give up his public veneration and confess to his sins. Proctor knows that he is a charlatan but does not want to cheapen his identity. His greatest possession is t he respect and integrity associated with his good name. In the court room Proctor explains why he did not confess earlier that Abigail was a harlot † Oh Francis, I wish you had some evil in you that you might know me! To Danforth: A man will not cast away his good name. You surely know that†(Miller110).Proctor dreads revealing his sin because the guilt and regret already overwhelms him. He believes that a public display of his wrongdoings will only intensify the extent of his sin, magnifying his guilt. In such a small community, if he were to proclaim his indecency, then it would perpetually disgrace his entire family. The guilt that would result from damming his family and himself would be immense. Instead of letting the town know that the girls' allegations are false, Proctor tries to down play the extent of the hysteria so that he may feel more at ease.Proctor's response to Elizabeth when she informs him about the court and possible hangings is â€Å"†¦ scoffing , but not without conviction: Ah, they'd never hang-† (Miller52). Proctor envisions of every possible way he can think of to save his wife without condemning himself in the process but eventually realizes that the only way she will survive is by killing his image. Proctor eventually understands that personal identity is more important than a public image. Not until the very end of the story does Proctor's conflict between his personal identity and public image becomes resolved.John sees less significance in his public image and becomes more concerned about his personal identity. Even though John has admitted to lechery, the public still holds him with a sense of elevated admiration. A preponderance of the people did not want to see Proctor hang; even people who strongly disliked him like Reverend Paris. If Proctor signs a written confession stating he is a witch, then he would set free and able to live out the rest of his life in comfort with his family. A stipulation in signi ng the contract is that it will be posted in the town for all to see.Proctor is unable to allow that to happen because it destroys any dignity left he has. The rest of his life would be based off deception and sin. Proctor: â€Å"Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul; leave my name! â€Å"(Miller143) Proctor was willing to spoil is public standing with the comprise that he may live among his family .But, he found himself unwillingly to sign over his personal identity to a lie. Because of this resistance, Proctor was hanged for a crime that he did not commit. Though he was wrongfully executed , Proctor died while maintaining a sense of integrity and morality. Hale- â€Å"Woman, plead with him! Woman! It is pride, it is vanity. Be his helper! -What profit him to bleed? Shall the dust praise him? Sha ll the worms declare his truth? Go to him, take his shame away! † Elizabeth-â€Å"He have his goodness now. God forbid I take it from him! (Miller 145) Proctor finally was able to wipe away his facade that societal pressures placed upon him. He expelled his guilt and sin and was ultimately able to gain back his virtue. John Proctor's most demanding struggle was between who he believed himself to be and what society believed him to be. His sins caused tension surrounding his outward appearance and his inward self. Miller's book helps to illustrate how one overcomes the battle of such contention. Every human being has his or her own defects, but to develop into better people, we must learn to conquer these shortcomings.

“Hamlet” Monologue Analysis Essay

The text to be or not to be by William Shakespeare refers to the paradox of life and death. He starts the poem by questioning himself: is it worth to exist or not, and by existing he is referring to the human ability of thinking; in the sense of: I exist because I can think. This issue is developed throughout the poem were the action of thinking deals with the decision of; should I live or not and it certainly becomes an obstacle to make that decision. In that sense the poem transmits that the innate human quality of thinking is what makes us weak instead of being a useful tool to make right decisions. In other words, despite we can perceive a solution to our problems (death), we are incapable of taking action (committing suicide) because we have the eternal problem of thinking. â€Å"To be or not to be, that is the question† this is the phrase that opens the poem, and in a sense, it is like a synthesis of what the author is going to explain later. He is referring to the verb â€Å"to be† practically the same as â€Å"to exist†. The question is: should I live? And by that he is considering that, by being humans, we have the ability to think. In some sort of way, Shakespeare is leading us to the paradox of life and death were human doubting is crucial in the understanding of the two, so there can be a decision. â€Å"to die, to sleep, No more; and by sleep to say we end the heart ache and the thousand natural shocks that flesh is hair to: it is a consummation devoutly to be wished† He is analyzing death and seeing it as the solution of the life he is living at the moment. In some way, he is confirming that being alive is a constant pain and so death is the unique pathway that would lead him to another life, a painless one. â€Å"Thus the conscience does make cowards of us all, and thus the native hue of resolution is slicked o’er with the pale cast of thought† This is the fragment in which the poem determines the reason why Hamlet haven’t decided yet nor taken action. This is the fragment were Shakespeare blames human thought for it being an obstacle when there is a decision to make, more precisely: human doubting explores the possible consequences of each action we are about to make, and by knowing them, we soon get afraid of our destiny  and of the unknown circumstances that will surrounds us later. Is an outlook to the future that force us to think back constantly. The doubt and the cowardness do not lead us anywhere. The text can be related to my life in the sense that it is the perfect explanation of the reason why we are afraid of making decisions. Every decision is premeditated and that is why we are uncapable of taking action. Besides, I believe that this reasoning of human thought as an obstacle when it comes to make a decision, applies to our daily life; We give up opportunities because we take a long time thinking, and that certainly is a huge obstacle to clarify our minds and make the right determination.

The importance of analysis of Consumer Behavior Essay

The importance of analysis of Consumer Behavior - Essay Example Moreover, motivations on the other hand for purchase may also vary from being deliberate in intent towards more of an expression of "routines, habits, expectations and social norms, and dominant cultural values" Different conceptual models also enable the marketers in order to obtain a deeper understand of what actually motivates the consumer behavior and drives the change. Quite simply, these models do the following things: Consumer behavior has now become an integral part of the strategic market planning. It is also termed as the main base towards the approach of the concept known as Holistic Marketing. A marketing manager would always like to know that how the consumer behavior will help him in order to design better marketing plans, and also to get those plans accepted by the company. (Smith, 2000, pp. 40-47) This is one of the most important points which should be the top most priority for every marketer to know that what actually he is trying to do. How he wants to influence his customers, what are the main ideas and what are the techniques with the help of which he can very easily attract his customers. It is the second main responsibility of every marketer to know ... A marketing manager would always like to know that how the consumer behavior will help him in order to design better marketing plans, and also to get those plans accepted by the company. (Smith, 2000, pp. 40-47) 10 MOST IMPORTANT THINGS THAT ALL THE MARKETERS SHOULD KNOW ABOUT CONSUMER BEHAVIOR: Following are the 10 important things which marketers should know about consumer behavior: 1. To Know One Own Self. This is one of the most important points which should be the top most priority for every marketer to know that what actually he is trying to do. How he wants to influence his customers, what are the main ideas and what are the techniques with the help of which he can very easily attract his customers. 2. Marketer should know the inner feelings of the customers. It is the second main responsibility of every marketer to know that what actually their customer want from them. What actually are their needs and demands and how they can cater to them. In order to know the inner feelings of the customer, the marketer should be strong enough; he should be creative and should be research oriented in order to know that what actually the customers want. 3. Atmospherics. Atmosphere is one of the important factor with the help of which marketers can easily attract the customers. For e.g. if an atmosphere is pleasant then customers will for sure feel comfortable and they feel good while shopping in any store. Following are some ways with the help of which marketers can attract the customers if they are providing good and pleasant atmosphere. Organized checking counters. Pleasant odors. Pleasant environment Good customer services. These above mentioned are some of the examples of maintaining good and a friendly atmosphere with the help of which a marketer can very easily

Management of Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management of Change - Essay Example However, several environmental changes such as global climate change and demographic changes pose greater risks to the effectiveness of Victoria State Emergency Service. There is an increasing shortage of volunteers. Increased demand for work, increasing costs of labor and diversification of the emergency management services. Victoria State Emergency Service will have to undergo change in order to attain comprehensive, coordinated and integrated emergency management capabilities. The agency must use innovative, professional and progressive approach to emergency management by ensuring high preparedness and excellent disaster mitigation services especially in the response and recovery cycle. The critical factors that have triggered change at the agency include the external environment that requires a change in the mission, leadership, operational strategies and culture of the emergency management agency. The current scenario at the organization has the likelihood of causing a decline i n overall performance, poor emergency services and conflict in the organization. Burke-Litwin Model of organizational performance and change can be used in diagnosing the need for change and making essential recommendations for the change at Victoria State Emergency Service. The model contains 12 organizational dimensions that determine how the performance of an organization is influence by the external and internal factors. The 12 dimensions include the external environment, mission and strategy, leadership, organizational culture, structure, systems, management practices, work unit climate, tasks and individual skills, individuals’ needs and values, motivation and finally individual and overall organizational performance (Burke, 2008). Some external drivers of change in the external environment include the changes in demography, technological changes, economic changes and climate change. Apart from the vision,

Democratization in the Third Wave European Countries Essay

Democratization in the Third Wave European Countries - Essay Example There have been three waves of democratization. The first wave started in the 1820’s, as suffrage widened and more citizens in Europe demanded their rights (Huntington 1991, p.3). It started in the US and then spread across the British dominion (Huntington 1984, p.196). However, in 1922 Mussolini came to power, which marked the return to autocracies. By the end of World War II, only 12 democracies were left, in comparison to 29 beforehand (Huntington 1991, p.3). The second wave was supported, and imposed by the Allied Forces after World War II. In 1962, the zenith was reached with 36 democracies (Huntington 1991, p.3). Many of them were also former colonies (Huntington 1991, p. 31 – 108). After 1962, democracy again experienced a decline (Jaggers & Gurr 1995, 477). In 1974, the third wave started. This wave was marked by the shifts to democracy in Portugal, Greece and Spain (Huntington, 1991, p.4). The Catholic Church became an opponent of autocracies in the 1960’s (Huntington 1991, p.77). The European Union (EU), then known as the European Community (EC), conditioned the benefits of access to their markets on democratization. Greece joined EC in 1981, and Spain and Portugal followed. By 1994, according to Jaggers and Gurr (1995, p.479), there were 50 percent democracies and only 18 percent autocracies in the world. However, they also classified countries into incoherent systems, claiming that 19 percent countries were autocracies and 13 percent democracies (Jaggers & Gurr, 1995, p.479).... 31 – 108). After 1962, democracy again experienced a decline (Jaggers & Gurr 1995, 477). In 1974, the third wave started. This wave was marked by the shifts to democracy in Portugal, Greece and Spain (Huntington, 1991, p.4). The Catholic Church became an opponent of autocracies in the 1960’s (Huntington 1991, p.77). The European Union (EU), then known as the European Community (EC), conditioned the benefits of access to their markets on democratization. Greece joined EC in 1981, and Spain and Portugal followed. By 1994, according to Jaggers and Gurr (1995, p.479), there were 50 percent democracies and only 18 percent autocracies in the world. However, they also classified countries into incoherent systems, claiming that 19 percent countries were autocracies and 13 percent democracies (Jaggers & Gurr, 1995, p.479). These are less stable than coherent systems. Papaioannou and Siourounis (2008, p.384) determined that among 174 countries between 1960 and 2005, there were 63 democratic transitions and 3 reverse transitions from relatively stable democracy to autocracy. In the 1990’s, it was questionable whether young democracies were going to survive. According to Shin (1994, p.137), since governments depend on people or demos, democracy can only survive if people support it. However, at the time, newly democratic countries lacked factors that facilitate democratization such as civic organizations and market economies (Shin 1994, p.137). According to Rose and Shin (2001, p.334), â€Å"[w]hile the third wave has increased by 77 per cent the number of countries holding competitive elections, the number of countries recognizing political and civil liberties has increased by only 40 per cent.† As a result, the third wave in many

Health Education Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health Education Plan - Research Paper Example This will include measures to be taken to ensure that the education plan works efficiently. Background to the Hispanic Population in Philadelphia According to 2010 Census bureau, Philadelphia has a population of 1,526,006 consisting of Whites: 626,221; Blacks: 661,839; American Indian and Alaska Native: 6,0996; Asian: 96,405; Hispanic: 187,6111. Philadelphia can be regarded as of Delaware Valley’s economic and cultural center, home to over 6 million people and the country’s largest metropolitan area. According to the American Community Survey, the median income amounted to $36,669 and the median income for a family was $45,842. Philadelphia’s economic sectors include manufacturing, IT, food processing, oil refining, biotechnology, tourism and health care. The primary language spoken in Philadelphia is English with the second language most used at home being Spanish. Over the past two decades, the number of non-Hispanics whites in the city fell by 31.9 percent (Pe rez & Luquis, 2008) while the Hispanic population has increased by leaps and bounds with the biggest concentration getting noted in the Juanita/Feltonville section of the city. Identification of a Health Promotion Need As earlier indicated, this paper will discuss hypertension as a health promotion need to the Hispanic population of Philadelphia. ... One way that can be used to address the issue is through carrying out a health education plan that will seek to promote health on the Hispanic people in regard to hypertension (Perez & Luquis, 2008). About 65% of the Hispanic people in Philadelphia aged 60 and above have hypertension. Hypertension can, therefore, be associated with advanced age. The lifestyle of individual contributes to the chances of such a person getting health problems relating to hypertension. There is a need to educate the Hispanic people in Philadelphia about the need to adopt various health measures that will seek to promote their health in relation to hypertension. The draw to the city for this population has been the promise of economic prosperity and new opportunities. A major challenge to the provision of this health education to the Hispanic population of Philadelphia would be the apparent negligence of people to appreciate and adopt healthcare measures. This can be drawn from the little population of th e people that have taken insurance policies. As such, providing health education to such a population may be challenging considering the probability that most of this population may not be willing to receive such education (Bartholomew, 2011) Health Education Outcomes When carrying out a health education plan on the Hispanic people in Philadelphia, there are several outcomes that can be expected from such a plan. These outcomes should be considered before the plan gets formulated so that the plan will focus on their achievement. One such an outcome is an increase in the knowledge of the health problem. The health problem in this case is hypertension. When the education plan gets executed, people should get to have more knowledge of this health

Land remediation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Land remediation - Essay Example Spills and leakages occur in all these situations and cause contamination of soil and ground water. Authors Malawska and Wiokomirski confirmed high presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals (like Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Hg, Fe, Co, Cr, and Mo) in railway sidings in Poland (Malawska M & Wiokomirski B, 2001). Volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds (VOC) are the other common contaminants resulting from the use of hydrocarbons. The specified site condition indicates sandy soil to a significant depth and water table at relatively shallow depth of 3.2m. Thus we can expect the highly permeable sandy soil and ground water to be contaminated with PAH, heavy metals and VOC. industrial sheds for production and storage, network of roads for movement of people and materials, utility services for power and water supply, common effluent treatment plant etc., among other things. A large number of people work in such areas for long hours and are exposed to pollution that is present in air, water and soil. While the industrial sheds may be constructed with impermeable floors per se, such is not the case with the open spaces of an industrial estate that may be used as storage areas, common areas, landscaping and gardening, for roads / utility lines etc. Hence land remediation is necessary. Options available for remediation in this situation are soil vapor extraction (SVE) technique and land refill. Land refill would involve extensive excavation and removal of the contaminated soil and refilling. This is a very expensive operation, especially in view of the presence of contaminated ground water at shallow depths, which in any case needs to be cleaned up before use. Finding a suitable place for the extracted soil will also be an issue. Soil vapor extraction involves vaporizing and extracting the volatile

IT Project Management Ch7 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IT Project Management Ch7 - Assignment Example The main benefit of using its cost management feature is that it allows project managers to manage all the project related information at a single place. For instance, all the project related information such as resources, activities, schedule and costs can be managed in a single application at the single location. As a result, it becomes easy for them to integrate project activities with associated cost and schedule (Schaffhauser, 2010; Microsoft Corporation, 2015; Schwalbe, 2012). Every project manager uses a specific project management tool in order to manage their project management activities. For the cost management, they use specific criteria and some firms have their own software tools that allow them to calculate costs according to their available resources. In some cases, cost estimates are developed and maintained separately from the project plan. Though, MS Project 2010 encompasses all the features that are necessary to maintain a complete project cost management process, but it is still a new component for the majority of project managers, and it can take some time to get complete expertise (Schwalbe, 2012). The project completion opens a door for learning by measuring the performance and improving on the basis of mistakes. To evaluate the performance of any project, the Earned Value Management is quite a significant evaluation practice used in project management (Schwalbe, 2012). A study conducted by Dr. Song that is sponsored by the PMI (Project Management Institute) and CPM (College of Performance Management), is purposed at assisting the project managers to understand and measure the extent of practicing the Earned Value Management technique in project management as well as its practitioners’ base. This study’s important aspect is to deliver a cross sectional perspective of most of the recent EVM practices by surveying more than 600 project management experts. For getting a more useful and practical insight

Chagas Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chagas Disease - Essay Example More commonly, it is referred to as paleoparasitology (Ferreira et al., 2000). The discovery of the presumed parasite in the human remains is then extrapolated to the present relationship between the host and the parasite Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. The reservoir exists in wild amongst various animal species constituting the sylvatic cycle (Afuderheide et al., 2004). The vector for its transmission is reduviid bug (family Reduviidae, subfamily Triatominae). These insects hide in the crevices, nests or human dwellings in case of domestic cycle and emerge at night to feed upon the blood of their prey (Afuderheide et al., 2004). The infection is caused by rubbing of the bitten area where the parasite deposits the faecal matter (Afuderheide et al., 2004). This leads to entry of the parasite into the blood stream from the breached skin or conjunctiva. Parasitemia may lead to acute manifestations of myocarditis or meningoencephalitis that have a mortality rate of 10% (Afuderheide et al., 2004). The disease may progress to a chronic stage characterised by flare up of febrile episodes and progressive damage to myocardium or gut leading to dilated cardiomyopathy or segmental paralysis of parts of gastrointestinal system respectively (Afuderheide et al., 2004). Researchers to study the archaeological remains for the evide... These findings were supplemented by discovery of dwellings made of mud bricks, which is a common habitat of these bugs.Molecular studies included immunochemical methods and electron microscopy. Histological sections have also demonstrated the parasite even in desiccated mice tissue (Bastos et al. 1996). However, the most vital tool that has enabled the authors to draw important inferences regarding the evolution and epidemiology of Chagas disease is the extraction and amplification of DNA segments of T. cruzi from mummified tissues.Origin of samples: Atacama Desert with its dry hot winds and arid climate has been a source of mummified tissues for many researchers (Ferreira et al., 2000; Afuderheide et al., 2004; Guhl et al., 2000). This type of climate favours the preservation of body tissues in a dehydrated form and nearly arrests its decomposition. Moreover, this geographical region coincides with the distribution of the disease, along coastal region of South America in Peru and Chile. South American natives buried their dead in shallow sandy soils that led to preservation of tissues in a desiccated mummified form Laboratory techniques: This desiccated tissue is rehydrated and pulverised and DNA is extracted. The extracted DNA is then amplified using the Polymerase chain reaction. The amplified DNA participates in the hybridization process with standardised primers and probes under controlled conditions. Hybridisation of the DNA extracted from the mummified tissue samples with the probe nucleotides constitutes a positive test result. Hybridisation can be identified by gel electrophoresis and analysis of bands by radioisotope techniques. Authentication and sources of error Concern has been raised

Relationships Between Society and Religion Essay Example for Free

Relationships Between Society and Religion Essay The relationship between religion and society has provided the focus for some of the greatest works of sociology (one thinks of Durkheim, Pareto, and Weber, as well as Marx and Parsons). Samuel Delbert, a Canadian sociologist, rebelled against what he saw as the static concerns of American sociologists, trained his eyes on the process of social change, and placed the study of religion as a major item on the agenda of social analysis in Canada. In three important works, Clark argues that the changing structure of religious organization provided a measure of the pace and character of social change. Clark undoubtedly made the study of religion an important topic in Canadian sociology. At the same time, however, his work intended to limit the range of sociological concerns by linking the study of religion to questions of the forms of religious organization and politics (Artibise, 1990). The Essence of Religion In order to further understand the context between the relationship between religion and society, it becomes clear only after we have determined the basic essence of religion, that which is common to them all. Many different attempts to conceptualize the essence of religions have been made. These definitions usually reflect the viewpoint of the defining subject more than the essence of the defined object. When, for instance, Immanuel Kant defines religion as the â€Å"fulfillment of all of our duties as divine commands,† this doesn’t reflect the essence of religion which is concerned with a completely different sphere, but rather the rationalistic standpoint of Kant, for whom religion is essentially theonomic ethics. Often the essence of a specific historical religion is held up as the ideal and norm for all religion (Mensching, 1976). Prophecy presupposes a relationship between religion and society that conflicts profoundly with established religion. Established religion sees religion as the sacred ideology of the established social order. It is the â€Å"handmaiden† of the ruling class. It pronounces the established social order to be created by God and to be a reflection of the divine will (Riemer, 1996). The Founding Fathers In their sociological writing, Marx, Weber, and Durkheim were responding to the economic and social changes of the 19th and early 20th centuries, timely more often than not by the disastrous effects that fleeting industrialization had imposed on the European community of which they were sector. The course of religion could scarcely be averted with this foundation, for religion was seen as an important area of the society that seemed to be shifting beyond identification. By at least a period, Karl Marx (1818-83) predates the other. There are known two important factors in the Marxist thoughts on religion: The first is descriptive, the second evaluative. His dependent variable is religion; in other words, its structure and nature are liable on social and most importantly economic relations, which constitute the foundation of social examination. It can never be understood separate from the economic form and the association of the capitalist or worker to the basis of formulation. The second factor connects from this however, has an assessing component. Religion is said to be a form of indifference or alienation; it is a symptom of social malformation which disguises the exploitative relationships of capitalist society. Religion persuades people that such relationships are natural and, therefore, acceptable. It follows that the real causes of social distress cannot be tackled until the religious element in society is stripped away to reveal the injustices of the capitalist system; everything else is a distraction. Subsequent debates concerning Marx/s approach to religion have to be approached with care. It has become increasingly difficult to distinguish between (a) Marx’s own analysis of religious phenomena, (b) a subsequent school of Marxism as a form of sociological thinking, and (c) what has occurred in the twentieth century in the name of Marxism as a political ideology. The essential and enduring point to grasp from Marx himself us that religion cannot be understood apart from the world of which it is a part; this is a crucial sociological insight and central to the evolution of the sub discipline. It needs, however, to be distinguished from an over deterministic interpretation of Marx that postulates the dependence of religion on economic forces in mechanical terms; this is unhelpful. The final point is more political. It may indeed be the case that one function of religion is to mitigate the very evident hardships of this world and so disguise them.

Michel Foucaults Theory of the City

Michel Foucaults Theory of the City In this essay I will discuss and plain how the city is represented as place of power and surveillance, using Michel Foucaults ‘the means of correct training in his discipline and punish (1977) and the film 28 weeks later where I will pick four scenes from the film. I will discuss and explain how the film deals with the notions of institutional and private rights, how visual design might represent notions of surveillance and oppression through (space, colours juxtapositions, and characters); and finally, how the city is represented through various ways of looking/imaging. The shift to consumerist city has marked changes in the surveillance and control of urban space through an innumerable technologies and moral practice. These type of change happed as cities tries to rebrand and remarket themselves within local regions nationally and internationally in order to compete with the current capital investment markets. Visual politics of the street underpins changes in urban and its governance, thereby creating risk- taking business that focuses on creating visually pleasing spaces via architecture to regulate to practices surveillance not only in urban spaces but also in suburbs places. canary wharf can be seen as primary example of this panopticon described in Michel Foucault discipline and punish in the means of correct training. In his book he describe panopticon as all round the clock functioning surveillance machine which is designed to insure that no prisoner could ever see the inspector who conduct the surveillance from his control room to the radial (central location within the radial configuration). Hi goes on saying. The prisoner could never know when he was being surveyed in the instant of the scene in 28 weeks later where the commanding officers ware surveying on the survivors by using machine guns at night time or in the instant the ware the architecture of the building /faà §ade was designed with glass, which in this case the inspector had a full control and awareness of the activities conducted by not only the survivors but also the survivors were aware of the presence of the commanding forces around them. There individual rights at this stage. could be manipulated and cause destruction for the institutional powers. I will feather explore this scenario as I progress feather is this assay. In the same time considering the survivors were aware of been watched at all times, the mental uncertainty and the anxiety of been quoted doing anything against the set up rules in itself enough to discipline them. Due to high effect of ponopticon in the film were the survivors are injected with this state of mind that surveillance is present at all times and that automatic full functioning power is around the clock, and no uncharacterized behaviors will be tolerated. In this instant, the survivors are caught up in a power situation of which they are themselves the bearers. To achieve this, it is at once too much and too little that the survivors are constantly watched by a CCTV cameras and commanding forces, to the extent that the survivor is aware of been watched but in the same time there is no need for him or her to be observed. In such Circumstances Bentham laid down the following principle that â€Å"power should be visible and unverifiable. † he went in saying visible that the inmate /patient will constantly have before them the central tower in front of them/ (control room in the instant of the 28 weeks later film) which there spied upon, and unverifiable that the inmate/patience or the survivors under no Circumstances should he/she know whether is been watched, but he must know he may always be so. But in the 28 weeks later film from the scene nine where the commanding forces from the top unit were surveying on the survivors at nig ht time. In this scene we see how surveillance is conducted without the knowledge of survivors. One sees everything without been seen. In this scenario we see the same principles been mentioned in bentham book in panopticism been repeated in the film Where the commanding forces where using high tech machine guns and CCTV cameras to insure all the people were where they were supposed to be and insuring orders were kept at all times. With the aid mordern of architecture power could be exercised to its fullest effect and individual rights were at no place to question the institutional power. Putting into consideration the main location where the power was enforced and practiced was in canary wharf, one can clearly see how power is immediately portrayed without even questioning the forerunners aim. (Scene seven) Bentham goes on saying â€Å"the Panopticon is a machine for dissociating the see/being seen dyad: in the peripheric ring, one is totally seen, without ever seeing; in the central tower, one sees everything without ever being seen†. He continue saying â€Å"it is an important mechanism for optimizing and disindvidualising power.† Here we see Bentham say panopticon is not a bad thing when is used for the right reasons; he give examples of the usefulness of the panopticonhe says â€Å"it makes it possible to draw up differences among patients and also to observe symptoms of each individual, in education it make it possible to observe performances. And among workers† it makes it possible to note the aptitudes of each worker, compare the time he takes to perform a task. â€Å"But the Panopticon was also a laboratory; it could be used as a machine to carry out experiments, to alter behavior, to train or correct individuals. To experiment with medicines and monitor their effects. To try out different punishments on prisoners, according to their crimes and character, and to seek the most effective ones.† Power is not the activity or the subject of knowledge that creates main parts of knowledge that opposes power, but is the power- knowledge and the struggles of those who goes through it determines the forms and possible domains of knowledge. http://cartome.org/foucault.htm which in the film when Andys mum was found had to be put under strict surveillance to prevent out-break of the virus but then when individual and institutional power are combined as seen in scene fourteen one of the power either for the individual or institution surfers severely or in most cases they both do. Conclusion in the reading of Michel Foucault discipline and punish; and in the film 28 weeks later one can draw many conclusion on how surveillance and institutional powers are conducted and how the city is viewed as a place of power. But in the same time we see when individual power and rights are exercised simultaneously cause severe consequences ; for example in scene 1,. Especially when Tammy and Andy decided to go to their old home to collect some of their possession here we see Tammy and Andy wanted to be free, they wanted to something that would remind them of their mother but under the rules set in the comp they were not permitted to leave the premises. As a result they rebelled and consequently brought back the virus in the camp and the end result most the survivors were exterminated, infected by the virus and the only survivors left in the whole city were them. My point is power should only be exercised when knowledge lead and it should be exercised by one part at a time to avoid coll ision. References Joe Kerr, Andrew Gibson, London from punk to Blair http://books.google.co.uk: city watch, 131-13, M. Foucault, 1977, Discipline and punishment, means of correct training, France: Gallimard Richard J. Williams. (2004). the anxious city. US andCanada, English urbanism in the late twentieth century. the anxious city 1, 10-19 http://cartome.org/foucault.htm

Independence: Building a New Nation 1947-1977 :: Essays Papers

Independence: Building a New Nation 1947-1977 In 1942, after the considerable pressure of Mahatma Gandhi's "Quit India" campaign and needing to maintain Indian support against Japanese troops advancing on India's Eastern border, Sir Stafford Cripps proposed a new constitution to the Indian National Congress, including the right of the new government to secede from the Commonwealth. The proposal was rejected but the arena of independence had been opened and, in 1946, after the defeat of the Japanese in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, local and provincial elections were held. The Muslim League, led by Muhammed Ali Jinnah, won most of the Muslim vote. Britain, most of whose military units had disappeared, agreed to Indian self-rule and, in the succeeding negotiations determined that the date of independence would be midnight of 14 August. Following intensive rioting, it was also agreed that the demands of the Muslim League should be met and an India-Pakistan partition conceded at the same time, defined by the Radcliffe Boundary award. Thus the new government's first difficulty was a divided Punjab and a divided Sikh community. Percival Spear estimates that five and a half million refugees travelled each way across the Punjab border, the chaos intensified by the continual Hindu-Muslim-Sikh massacres. By the time the 1950 constitution was implemented, Jawarharlal Nehru was in sole leadership of congress and he embarked upon a plan of industrialisation, intensified in 1956 by a series of five-year plans. Social reform accompanied this. In 1964, Nehru died and his daughter, Indira Gandhi, became prime minister. Having confirmed this in a 1970 election, she was faced with war between the East and West wings of Pakistan. Refugees poured into India from the former wing, causing a crisis in the economics of the country. Pakistan raided Indian airfields and war was declared on 6 December 1971.East Pakistan was captured on 18 December and the new state of Bangladesh was created. Mrs Gandhi's second crisis came in the shape of O.P.E.C quadrupling of oil prices, increasing over-population and massive inflation.

Comparison and Contrast of The Destructors and The Rocking Horse Winner

Comparison and Contrast of â€Å"The Destructors†, by Graham Greene and â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner†, by D.H. Lawrence This comparison and contrast of â€Å"The Destructors†, by Graham Greene and â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner†, by D.H. Lawrence will center on selected parts of stories from the opening through the conclusion. I will seek to compare and contrast both authors’ choices of characters, themes, techniques of suspense, moral statements, and conclusions. â€Å"The Destructors† and â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner† were both written in the third person by British authors and set in post war Great Britain. â€Å"The Destructors† was written post World War II and â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner† was written post World War I. Misery caused by poverty is the underlying theme of each story. The significance of the period each story was penned can easily be understood when considering the miserable living conditions of the people of post war Great Britain. The characters in â€Å"The characters in â€Å"The Destructors† are not as fully developed as those in â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner†. In â€Å"The Destructors† the characters are bound together as a distinct unit or a gang. Their overall interaction is based primarily on the destruction of Old Misery’s house. Dialogue between the gang members is limited to a great extent on the house’s destruction. In contrast, â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner† characters, Paul, his mother, his uncle, and Bassett, are in constant conflict over poverty and bad luck as opposed to wealth and good luck. â€Å"The Destructors† is a story about the gang-style activities of young boys living in the inner-city poverty of post-war London and their conspiracy toward destroying an old man’s house. The opening of â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner† sets the tone, moo... ...which in turn led him to seek games of chance. The conclusion of both stories is sad. In â€Å"The Destructors†, not only is Old Misery’s house destroyed, but also during the latter part of the demolition, the gang holds him captive in the out-house. The final humiliation appears when the lorry driver is an unknowing accomplice but still finds humor in Old Misery’s house being razed. In the â€Å"Rocking Horse Winner†, tragically although Paul selects the winning horse of the derby and brings wealth to his family, he dies in the end. Paul’s last words to his mother were â€Å"I’m lucky†. In conclusion, the two short stories as compared and contrasted above, depict the degradation of social norms caused by poverty. The two sets of characters’ reactions to this abasement are different, and both prove ineffective attempts to overcome or cope with the situation.

Conflicting Cultures in Louise Erdrichs Captivity Essay example -- Lo

Kidnapping colonists during the struggle for land in the early centuries of American history was a strong force influencing the images of Native Americans circulating among the Puritan pioneers. During these centuries, the battles between the natives and the Puritans cost thousands of lives on both sides, and countless stories in the forms of captivity narratives revealed truths and myths about the Native people. Although there were countless pieces of literature and propaganda published in this time period, the actual Indian captivity narratives have been narrowed down to works â€Å"that presumably record with some degree of verisimilitude the experiences of non-Indians who were captures by American Indians† (Derounian-Stodoloa, Levernier, 9). Through such a narrative by Mary Rowlandson, who was taken captive by the Wampanoag tribe in 1676, the contemporary writer and poet Louise Erdrich shows another side of history that could not have been expressed by the surviving captiv es hundreds of years ago. That recreation is her poem, â€Å"Captivity,† which uses the inner conflict of the captive woman to express both historical feelings of Native Americans and their place among whites, along with Erdrich’s conflicts within her own life.# Coming from a mixed family, with her mother being part Native American, Erdrich experiences a pull from both her European history and Native American heritage. Through her poem, â€Å"Captivity,† Erdrich exposes the inner conflict that is felt by both historical women and herself, such as the conflicting feelings and cultural pulls of the two societies through sharing experiences of removal from their known worlds and returns to the white man’s society. In order to fully understand Erdrich’s interpretation... ...rk, 1993. Erdrich, Louise. â€Å"Captivity,† in Kelly, Joseph ed. The Seagull Reader: Poems. Norton and Company: New York, 2001. Fast, Robin Riley. â€Å"Resistant History: Revising the captivity Narrative in ‘Captivity’ and Blackrobe: Isaac Jones.† American Indian Culture and Research Journal. 23:1 (1999) 69-96. Logan, Lisa. â€Å"Mary Rowlandson’s Captivity and the ‘Place’ of the Woman Subject.† Early American Literature. 28 (1993) 255-277. Namias, June. White Captives: Gender and Ethnicity on the American Frontier.University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill, 1993. Vaughan, Alden T. â€Å"Early English Paradigms for New World Natives.† American Antiquarian Society. 102:1 (1992) 33-67. Woodard, Maureen L. â€Å"Female Captivity and the Deployment of Race in Three Early American Texts.† Papers on Language and Literature. 32:2 (1996)

E-Marketing Presentation

Good afternoon tutor and students. I would like to present you an e-marketing plan proposal of Royal Brisbane and women’s hospital foundation today. During the proposal I would like to introduce the RBWH foundation company and clearly identify the website that forms the basis. As many of the people know, Royal Brisbane and women’s hospital is one of the largest hospitals in Queensland. However, the RBWH foundation is the charity arm of the hospital that was first publicly in 1985. There are two of the mean projects in RBWH foundation; there are Mother’s Milk Bank and P. A. R.T. Y. Program. It also has the largest cancer services in Queensland. Therefore, the aim of the foundation is to raising funds to help and save lifes. The marketing and communication of Royal Brisbane and women’s hospital foundation are promoting on different ways. Such as newsletters by emails, Royal Mums, information on the Queensland health website, RBWH’s own websites and fa cebook page. As everyone knows, Internet communication is the fastest way to marketing the brand name and the best way to advertising the company. A website should have four generic objectives on it.It should be strategic, integrated, targeted or measurable. This is called marketing effectiveness. However, a successful website must have the key website measurement. Site usage, site content analysis, quantity assurance and how visitor arrived at the site. Home page is the first impression of the websites; it is the most important part. We can clearly see that there is a big labeled of the company name on the left top. It makes a clear mind of the name to the visitors. Also there is a big â€Å"donate now† button on the right top as this is an institution of donation charity.It makes more comfortable for the visitor where the way they can donate. Also make a clearly mind for the visitor what is the meant purpose of this institution want. The menu bar of the home page site shows up all the based information what should the visitor wants be on. Such as â€Å"contact†, â€Å"About us†, â€Å"support†, â€Å"research† and â€Å"Project†, there is a good marketing effect for researching bar, as this is the earlier and quickies way to make the visitors go to the page what they want to visit. Also Facebook page is the most successful part of the website, as facebook got the top view rate in the world.Almost everyone is using facebook in people’s lifetime. Created a facebook page not just can advertised the brand name quickly also can send visitor who do not know about the RBWH foundation to it own site. However, the website do not show out the number which people repeatedly visit the site. And do not have it search terms people used to find the site. Therefore it will lose visitors because of it. These what they need to improve to make the site more perfect. In concluding my presentation, the Royal Brisbane women’ s hospital foundation website is a successful example.As it clearly showed up the visitor what the detail information and what suppose to be in the home page and information page. It also connect to a facebook page to do a free advertising for a successful E-marketing way to let more people to know more about RBWH. However, it also need to improve more, such as showing a number which people repeatedly visit the site and search terms people used to find the website. If the website takes the e-marketing promotion more important it will improve the number of visitor and more life will be save and help. This is the end of my presentation, thank you for your time.

EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERNET ADVERTISING Essay

Web advertising first appeared in 1994. Eleven years later, in 2005, U.S. companies spent $12.5 billion advertising online. No longer is that the irrational money of venture-backed start-ups with dubious business models; according to Nielsen/NetRatings, 25% of all display ads in 2005 promoted Fortune 500 companies. Advertisers already spent double the amount online that they spent in 2005 on billboards and other outdoor advertising and roughly half of what they spent respectively on magazine and radio advertising. And after brief market contraction in 2001 and 2002, the online ad industry has been growing 30+% from then. Yet, despite this rapid mainstream of online advertising, many advertisers still are not observing a range of established tactics and strategies understood to substantially improve the effectiveness of online ad campaigns. In some cases, this is because advertisers are new enough to the internet to remain behind on the learning curve. In other cases, many advertisers have viewed the Internet as a source of â€Å"cheap† advertising and therefore do not invest sufficiently in experimentation and research to identify for themselves the tactics that work best.†Sometimes advertisers are pennywise and pound the foolish in not running brand effectiveness studies and using the click-through rate to measure the success of a brand campaign,† said Yaakov Kimelfeld, director of business intelligence and Beyond Interactive. Brian Eakin, Associate Media Director at Freestyle Interactive, concurs: â€Å"While many clients will say that there is value in learning, the clients most in need of actionable research and most connected to a cost-per-sale measure of success, and many of them simply would not allocate the investment that does not mean immediately contribute to product sales. The challenge of planners is to extract the strategic insight from active campaigns without forcing their clients to choose betw een sales and learnings.† Online advertising remains new and fast evolving. But after a decade, it has  been around long enough for several best practices to emerge. It is actually a major trend in recent years is a shift towards generating incremental page impressions. The result is online ad prices are going up, and it may no longer be as a â€Å"cheap† advertising medium. It remains, however, and effective one. As such, it is more important than ever for advertisers to master the tactics that produce the best results for their campaigns.   Here are some practices that can optimize the web designing effectiveness. 1. Adopt a Disciplined Framework for Managing Campaigns The most successful online advertisers adhere to a disciplined process. They set clear campaign objectives. They build measurement, targeting and optimization into the campaign process. And they carefully assess the final results to identify what practices could improve the advertiser’s next campaign. â€Å"If you ask any publisher, they’ll tell you that the spread between response rates to ads can range from 0.02% to 2%,† said Ted Ryan, vice president of sales at NationalGeographic.com. â€Å"That’s a hundredfold difference. That’s what the opportunity is online. Getting best practices right from online ad campaigns isn’t about a 10% improvement in results. It’s about a tenfold or a hundred fold improvement. You can’t afford not to be online. For all that money advertisers invested on TV on brand campaigns, they can get knocked out of water in five minutes on internet by a competitor who does it that much better than they do.† 2. Manage Reach and Frequency Very little will have as dramatic an effect on the success of advertiser campaigns as managing â€Å"reach and frequency.† Whether a campaign’s objectives are more geared towards brand development or direct response, in almost all cases it is in the advertiser’s best interest to maximize the number of people who see the campaign (â€Å"reach†) at an optimal number of exposures to the ad per person (â€Å"frequency†). All too often, however, when advertisers do  not manage their online campaigns closely for this, the result is that a relatively small number of people will see the ads at a tremendously high frequency, wasting many impressions of the campaign. Reach and frequency have a proportional relationship. Each ad impression in campaign is shown either to someone who has not yet seen the campaign, thereby expanding its reach, or to someone who has, increasing the campaign’s average frequency. The â€Å"optimal frequency† – the ideal number of times consumers should be exposed to the campaign’s online ads – is ambiguous. Little research exists on the subject, and results will vary according to the product, campaign objectives and other factors. That said, conventional wisdom is that the optimal frequency for most campaigns is around 4-7 ad exposures, and much beyond that, results hit a point of diminishing returns for both brand and direct response objectives. The challenge for marketers, therefore, is to reach effectively that third of the audience generating only 6% of all pages, while avoiding having heavy users to consume ad impressions at disproportionately high frequencies. The Figure above illustrates the challenge. It graphs a campaign where 37% of the audience sees only one exposure of the ad, 17% sees it twice, 10% sees it thrice, and the distribution gradually diminishes so that only 1% sees the ad 10 times. But then something remarkable happens: 13% of the exposed audience sees the ad 11 times or more. By the time someone has seen an online ad 11 times, the odds that further exposure will improve the person’s opinion of the brand, or likelihood to click on the ad, are low. In other words, 40% of the impressions in this campaign represent money largely wasted. 3. Manage Reach and Frequency through Strategic Media Placement The critical question then is, â€Å"How does one control frequency to maximize reach?† One way is to set a â€Å"frequency cap† with the publisher’s or advertiser’s ad server, using cookies to prevent readers from seeing an ad more than a designated number of times. For a variety of reasons, however,  capping frequency via ad servers can be more difficult in practice than in theory. A more efficient way to control frequency can be through strategic media buying tactics. Back in 2002, the research firm then known as Jupiter Media Metrix demonstrated that an ad campaign of four million impressions could reach an audience at least a third larger when spread evenly over three large sites as opposed to concentrating the same-sized buy on a single site. The key implication was that a broader media buy across several sites was a more efficient way to optimize reach, and moderate frequency, than by concentrating the same number of impressions in fewer sites. The Figure above shown is known as a â€Å"build chart†, showing the varying rates at which audiences accumulate to their monthly total on different types websites. The comScore data show that the audiences for website services and portals scale very quickly: roughly 80% of the monthly accumulated audience to those sites had already visited by the seventh day of the month. At real estate sites, meanwhile, only 35% of the monthly audience had visited within the same one-week period. Sites whose audiences build quickly are likely to attract visitors who come back often, meaning advertisers risk burning through a lot of ad impressions at high frequency levels if their ad buys are too concentrated on these types of sites. Sites that are not as â€Å"sticky†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ with flatter build curves – may have altogether smaller audiences, but campaigns directed towards them will naturally be distributed more evenly across all visitors. The best strategy, therefore, is not to avoid any type of site, but to spread campaigns over multiple sites in order to most efficiently distribute campaign reach at a lower average frequency. 4. Use Rich Media and Video Ad Formats Rich media ads are significantly more effective at engaging users than are standard GIF or JPG image ad formats. These rich media ads are typically formatted in Flash or enhanced-Flash (i.e., specialty rich media ad platforms like DART Motif), with features such as the ability to expand outside of standard ad dimensions, to float across the top of web pages, or to play video clips. Analysis of DART ad-serving logs show that more interactive and prominent rich media units have far higher click rates than standard image ads. The above showing Figure indicates that ads formatted as expandable or in-page units using DART Motif’s rich media platform had more than double the click-rate of image ads, while interstitials (ads, typically large in size, that appears on pages in between two content pages during a user’s surfing session) had more than 10-times the click rate. Motif floating and pop-up ads had close to 50-times the click rates of image ads. To persuade consumer’s positively towards brand attributes, rich media and formats (particularly video) are considerably more effective than the image ad formats. Campaigns served in the platforms of speciality rich media ad providers at least 50% more effective at improving purchase intent than were GIF/JPG image ads(relative to control groups who saw public service announcements), according again to data drawn from Dynamic Logic’s Market Norms, a pool of hundreds of brand research studies. 5. Target Audiences With Appropriate Creative Treatments Another challenge for online ad campaigns is that many agencies have one team, or even one subsidiary company, doing the creative design of ads, and another buying placements on media properties. There may be advantages to this kind of division of labour, including concentrating fields of expertise and cost efficiencies. But the trade-off is that the creative is not always ideally suited for the audiences that see it and the environment where they see it. Closing that gap and better aligning creative executions to the right audiences and environments can have a dramatic impact on campaign effectiveness. â€Å"As you would think, the clients who come on our site and talk about exotic travel, outdoors and environmental issues, and have the creative to go with that, their results can go through the roof,† said Mr. Ryan of NationalGeographic.com. â€Å"Dolby Laboratories, working with the agency Freestyle Interactive, ran a rich media campaign with us,† Mr. Ryan continued. â€Å"I looked at the insertion order and said, ‘Dolby? Okay great, let’s get the business,’ but I wasn’t sure what they wanted with National Geographic’s audience. Then I saw the creative, two interactive ads, one with an electrical storm, and another morphed from the jungle scene to an ocean with the slider bar that changed the sound. The response rates were huge because the ad’s theme was highly relevant to our audience. The campaign metrics, shared by Dolby and Freestyle Interactive, shown by Mr. Ryan was talking about, as seen in the Figure below. RESEARCH DESIGN Research Design The objective of the study is to understand the Effectiveness of Internet Advertising. Research Design Case based research design Data Collection Method Secondary Data Sources of Data Collection There are two sources on which data can be collected via primary source and secondary. The data which are prepared from the main purpose and researcher or owner it is called primary source and the collected from this source is called primary data. The data which is collected from the persons, private bodies, private research agencies etc are called secondary source and the  data collected is from both primary and secondary type. The following are the data from which have been collected from both the sources. Secondary Data is collected through internet, magazines, newspaper and published sources at the various companies. SAMPLING Sampling Sampling is a most important part of the data collection. It is a tool that tries to matches the data according to the criteria. The sampling methods is used specially in the context of data segregation researcher in the field of market research scientific investigation and other fields study where it requires a deep ground selection investigation and other fields study where it requires a deep ground selection of variables. So, sampling is a relevant answer to the accurate and most appropriate selection. JUDGEMENT SAMPLING The judgment sampling is a kind of non-probability sampling where the researchers select the samples from according to its judgment. The criteria have been fixed previously before taking into consideration of the samples. The judgment sampling is one of the most important parts carrying out in any project work. SAMPLING METHOD In this project study, the method adopted for the sampling purpose is the judgment sampling method. SAMPLING SIZE If the sample is too small, it can’t represent the population and outcome will be far more reality. Large samples provide good result, but if sample is too large, it become difficult to handle and also expensive, but in this project samples are taken those involve in web advertising sector. DATA ANALYSIS We identify processes that underlie curiosity resolution and study its impact on consumer motivation and learning. The dataset from our simulated Internet experiment includes process tracking variables (i.e., click stream data from ad-embedded links), traditional attitude and behavioural intention measures, and open-ended protocols. We find that an advertising strategy increases interest and learning relative to a strategy that provides detailed product information. Furthermore, it seems to improve the quality of search substantially (i.e., time spent and attention devoted to specific information), resulting in better and more focused memory and comprehension of new product information. To enhance the effectiveness of Internet advertising of new products, we recommend a curiosity advertising strategy based on four elements: (1) Curiosity generation by highlighting a gap in extant knowledge, (2) The presence of a hint to guide elaboration for curiosity resolution, (3) Sufficient time to try and resolve curiosity as well as the assurance of curiosity- resolving information, (4) The use of measures of consumer elaboration and learning to gauge advertising effectiveness.

After a century of criminological theory, why does crime still exist Essay

After more than a century of criminological theory, a central question remains: why does crime still exist? To answer this question one must first come to a clear definition as to what crime actually means. In essence crime can be considered a social concept; a specific word attributes an individual to a particularly undesirable group. This allocations is based upon an event; some sort of wrong-doing or deviance from the norm which results in social, physical, mental, property or financial harm. The fact is, there is no singular definition to crime- there are multiple views and opinions yet none stands as a concrete definition. From a formally legal perspective, crime can be defined as by the state; that is if a specific act is defined by criminal law and is subject to punishment than it can be considered a crime. Conversely from a labelling perspective, crime can only exist if a particular event has resulted in a social response. It is this social response which instigates the criminal label and thus if there is no label, there is no crime. The ambiguity in the definition of crime alone provides grounds for its continuous existence. After all it seems only logical that we cannot rid of something that is not universally agreed upon. In attempts to unveil the cloak of criminality, various theories have been put forward which seek to clarify what is unclear. Of particular interest is the classical approach to crime and the idea of positivism and individualist behaviour. The classical theory of criminality locates the source of criminality within the individual and describes it as a rational choice (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990). Positivism on the other hand emphasises causation and determinism, it focuses on both the external and internal factors which drive individual behaviour (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990). Both of these theories hold opposing views about the causations of crime however they both seek to give reason to the existence of criminal behaviour. By focusing on these theories we may receive some clarity as to why crime still exists. Classical Theory: According to the classical theory criminality is seen to be derived from the individual and their ability to reason. This theory encapsulates crime as a matter of choice and intent on the part of the offender. Due to crime being represented as a choice of the offender, responsibility for that crime is thus attributed solely to the individual. Classical theory views all individuals as having equal opportunity to reason and be rational thus making us accountable for our actions. The basis of such a view stems from the assumption that there is general consensus among members of society; individuals surrender particular rights to state in exchange for its protection thus forming a social contract. Because we are all viewed as having equal opportunity to reason, the classical view holds that any rules or laws developed by consensus should be viewed as reasonable and binding to all; this is the social contract. The classical theory thereby defines criminality as someone who acts irrationally or makes a bad choice which violates the social contract. The two leading figures behind the development of the classical theory are Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. According to Beccaria (1764) and Bentham (1970) the basis of all social action should be viewed as the utilitarian concept which results in the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people in society. Beccaria stated that crime should be considered as an injury to society as a whole and as such punishment should be used as a deterrent. This concept alone is the core is the core policy classical theory adopts when responding to crime; deterrence. Punishment is in essence the force which maintains the existence of a social contract between the state and individual (Carlsmith and Darley 2002). Classical theory states that all crimes should be associated with some sort of punishment. However the purpose of this punishment within the law is to deter individuals and not to seek vengeance. Deterrence should be directed at both the individual (direct deterrence) and at society as a whole (general deterrence). As such punishment should fit the crime but still outweigh the attraction of individual(s) to commit that crime [Beccaria (1764) and Bentham (1970)]. The Persistence of crime: To answer the question as to why classical theory has failed to rid society of crime we must further examine the work of Jeremy Bentham. According to Bentham (1970) â€Å"Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters; pain and pleasure. Bentham outlines how all human behaviour can be linked to a self-interested pursuit of pleasure adaversion of pain. Thus according to this crime can be considered as behaviours seeking to satisfy some underlying universal desires. In that sense people can be seen as rational when they commit crimes and when they do not. Furthermore it implies that people act first in the interest of the self and are free to choose a course of action, be it legal or illegal. Thus classical theory hasn’t failed to rid society of crime because it never attempted to do so; the theory merely accepts the fact that crime will co-exist alongside free-will and as such classicism seeks to minimise it. According to Blumstein, Cohen, and Nagin (1978) a review of seminal studies conducted from 1960-1970 depicted that certainty of punishment and severity of punishment correlated highly with lower levels of crime. Furthermore Shepherd (2002) demonstrated that cross-sectional studies and surveys support the previous findings in that perceived certainty of punishment has a strong inverted association with criminal offending. Strengths and Weaknesses: The strongest point classicism holds is its emphasis on equality. In the eyes of the law classicism enforces that everyone be viewed and treated the same. Whilst in theory this notion may seem appealing as it rids the legal system of bias judgements such as lifting the laws for the rich, it also has a dark side. Classicism ignores the specificity of the defendant. Some people such as mentally ill or children are clearly not rational yet classicism overlooks this. Classicism incorrectly assumes that people are equal in terms of life chances and it does little to address the causations of crime. Thus although the deterrence policy adopted by classicism has been proven to work, the theory refuses to acknowledge external factors which may influence crime. Even though classical systems of crime are still used today, such theoretical models became largely unfavourable in the mid-19th century when a new paradigm of human behaviour became dominant (Tibbets 2012). This view became known as school of positivism. Positivism: Positivism was first proposed by Auguste Comte (1968) – his theory sought to quantify, classify and acknowledge humanities individual differences when dealing with criminal acts. The core concept underlying positivism is that individual behaviour is shaped by both external and internal factors. The focus of positivism is of the individual and not the crime. Conversely to classicism, positivism asserts that individuals vary and that no two people are alike. As a result rehabilitation is core policy positivism adopts when dealing with criminality. Positivists emphasize that attention should be drawn to the offender and the offender’s characteristics as opposed to the criminal act itself. Furthermore punishment is not viewed as means to a valid solution in resolving crime. Offenders should receive treatment and this treatment should be individualised to fit the unique characteristics of the offender. Defining Crime: Similarly to classicism, positivism agrees that there is a moral consensus which exists in society in relation to what constitutes deviant and normal behaviour. However the differences arise when examining what drives criminal activity. Specifically positivists attribute three strands which underlie criminal activity: biological factors, psychological factors and biosocial factors. Biological Factors: Cesare Lambroso (1968) was the first to put forward the idea that criminals may differ from normal individuals. He did this through his idea of atavism; criminals could be identified from a physical stigma which portrayed them as primitive. Although this is quite obviously wrong he did set in motion the idea that biological makeup may influence criminality. Fishbein (1990) suggested the idea that a person may be born criminal due to genetic dispositions. Similarly Fishbein (1990) and Anderson (2007) emphasise that biological factors are crucial in determining individual behaviour but also that the environment may largely affect these factors. In other words criminals can be seen as the product the environment they are exposed to. Good support for both of these ideas can be seen in substance abuse crimes such as alcohol fuelled violence and high crime rates in specific geographic areas. Psychological Factors: Psychological positivism focus’s internally on the personality types and typologies which compose individuals. Gibbons (1977) exemplifies that looking at psychology behind deviant behaviour involves exploring the unconscientious mind and the way it shapes our experiences. Biosocial Approach: Biosocial positivism refers to the acceptance of both biological and psychological factors influencing behaviour as opposed to making a distinction between the two. From this point of view behaviour can be seen as the product of nature vs. nurture, Eysneck (1984) suggested the idea that behaviour can be explained by the combination of biological and environmental influences. Strengths and weaknesses: A strong point of the positivist approach is that it transcends the notion that people are always and indefinitely in control of their actions. Furthermore it acknowledges the existence of individual difference and emphasises the need for individualised treatment. A problem with the theory is that large amount of power is placed at the mercy of selective experts whose perceptions of intervention may vary greatly. An example of this arises when attempting early intervention with those who are predisposed to crime. If intervention should take place before deviance the questions which arise are; how early should we do this? Who is to do it? And should we trust them? Dyzenhaus (2004) exemplifies this by drawing on positivism as a political tradition which rejects the connection between common law and morality. He states that when positivist judges are forced to operate with the parameters of common law they are forced to constrain themselves and as such impair their judgement. Why does crime still exist? Positivists emphasise the role of external and individual forces in shaping our behaviour. In essence the positivist perspective argues that individuals are not actually in control of their behaviour but rather at the mercy of the various biological and or psychological determinants influencing them. Thus positivism cannot rid society of crime because it acknowledges that we are vulnerable individuals who cannot necessarily control our actions or our fate. Conclusion: Positivism rears the source of criminality within the idea that people are basically self-seeking. Positivism places its focus on the importance of external and internal determinants of crime and criminality. Both theories provide plausible explanations for crime but none are able to readily remove it from society. This is primarily due to the fact that these theories are mere attempts to understand and define crime as opposed to resolving it.

Neoclassical Architecture

The Founding Fathers of the United States, especially the classically educated Thomas Jefferson, chose Neoclassicism as the country’s national architectural style as it is the amalgamation of all the ideals that the Founding Fathers had fought for in their journey to independence from their colonizers (â€Å"The Federal Style†).   Classical architecture was first inspired by the Greeks and later adopted by the Romans for their own unique designs when they conquered Greece (â€Å"Roman Architecture†). The great ancient society of Rome was specifically the inspiration of the newly formed America.   Rome to the United States was the epitome of a myriad of aspects such as its government, education, and the arts (â€Å"The Federal Style†).The neoclassical style of architecture which started in the mid-18th century in America  conveyed a forward thinking approach for the coming 19th century (â€Å"The Federal Style†).   In general neoclassical sty le displays symbolisms of democracy and philosophy (â€Å"The Classical†). When it was adopted by the Americans it evoked an analogy of young America to imperial Rome aiming to emulate the latter’s greatness (â€Å"Neoclassical architecture,†Ã‚   2006).I definitely believe that architecture can convey a message to the viewer as powerfully as a painting can.   Although it is often called â€Å"frozen music† or â€Å"mute poetry†, it does not mean they are totally void of meanings or implied ideas. They may not be explicit or literal in their message but architecture can still allude to nature.   Notice how the Sydney Opera House in Australia echoes the sails surrounding it. Architecture is unique in that the form cannot be separated from function especially in modern architecture.  The form itself communicates ideas or meanings even in their pristine state.   For example, a horizontal line is associated with a line where earth and sky meets or a reclining figure connotes stability, restfulness, peace.   Warm colors evoke the sun, fire, or summer, whereas cool colors suggest their opposites.ReferencesThe Classical Temple Architecture and Symbols of Washington, DC. N.d. STOPTHEThe Federal Style. (n.d.). holycross.edu. Retrieved 04 December 2006 from theNeoclassical architecture. (2006). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved December  4, 2006,from Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: https://www.britannica.com/art/Neoclassical-architectureRoman architecture.   Wikipedia: The Free Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 04 December2006 from the Web: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_architecture Neoclassical Architecture The Founding Fathers of the United States, especially the classically educated Thomas Jefferson, chose Neoclassicism as the country’s national architectural style as it is the amalgamation of all the ideals that the Founding Fathers had fought for in their journey to independence from their colonizers (â€Å"The Federal Style†).   Classical architecture was first inspired by the Greeks and later adopted by the Romans for their own unique designs when they conquered Greece (â€Å"Roman Architecture†). The great ancient society of Rome was specifically the inspiration of the newly formed America.   Rome to the United States was the epitome of a myriad of aspects such as its government, education, and the arts (â€Å"The Federal Style†).The neoclassical style of architecture which started in the mid-18th century in America  conveyed a forward thinking approach for the coming 19th century (â€Å"The Federal Style†).   In general neoclassical sty le displays symbolisms of democracy and philosophy (â€Å"The Classical†). When it was adopted by the Americans it evoked an analogy of young America to imperial Rome aiming to emulate the latter’s greatness (â€Å"Neoclassical architecture,†Ã‚   2006).I definitely believe that architecture can convey a message to the viewer as powerfully as a painting can.   Although it is often called â€Å"frozen music† or â€Å"mute poetry†, it does not mean they are totally void of meanings or implied ideas. They may not be explicit or literal in their message but architecture can still allude to nature.   Notice how the Sydney Opera House in Australia echoes the sails surrounding it. Architecture is unique in that the form cannot be separated from function especially in modern architecture.   The form itself communicates ideas or meanings even in their pristine state.   For example, a horizontal line is associated with a line where earth and sky meets or a reclining figure connotes stability, restfulness, peace.   Warm colors evoke the sun, fire, or summer, whereas cool colors suggest their opposites.ReferencesThe Classical Temple Architecture and Symbols of Washington, DC. N.d. STOPTHERELIGIOUSRIGHT.ORG. Retrieved   04 December 2006 from the World Wide Web:http://community-2.webtv.net/westernmind/WASHINGTONDC/The Federal Style. (n.d.). holycross.edu. Retrieved 04 December 2006 from theWorld Wide Web:   http://www.holycross.edu/departments/classics/wziobro/ClassicalAmerica/federalistintrohp.htmlNeoclassical architecture. (2006). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved December  4, 2006,from Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9373222/Neoclassical-architectureRoman architecture.   Wikipedia: The Free Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 04 December2006 from the Web:   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_architecture

Supply Chain Management Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Supply Chain Management Principles - Essay Example The process of conducting supply chain activities on a digital interface largely conducted by Apple Company reflects no physical activities pertaining to the procurement, stocking, transportation and other such conducts which are increasingly observed in regards to conservative warehousing practices. Apple through the help of online digital supply chain activities is found to conduct a billion transactions pertaining to media files in an annual period. The supply chain activities conducted over the digital sphere like the traditional warehousing activities also require the existences of products produced to be marketed to the final consumers. However unlike the traditional warehousing functions the supply chain management functions performed on a digital platform require only two parties i.e. the one providing or producing the content and the other the final consumer to whom the digital products would be transported. In turn the supply chain activities conducted by the company on the online sphere by Apple Incorporation is viewed as that which has helped in transforming the traditional supply chain concepts originally practiced by the company’s manufacturing and selling physical products. In evaluating the effectiveness of the supply chain activities conducted on a digital sphere it is found that Apple Corporation has a significant number of stock or inventory turnovers in comparison to other firms (Blanchard, 2010,p.71-72). The make-buy decision The make or buy decision is considered as a strategic decision in regards to supply chain management activities of companies. It is because the activities conducted in the realm of supply chain management activities contain large amount of outsourcing functions both in terms of procuring the materials from the supplier’s end rather than making such. Again the company can take help of distributors to help them distribute the products produced to the ultimate buyers. Thus in the former function it is found that materials are procured rather than producing such in the production units of the companies while the latter activity focus on gaining the supply chain support to sell the products produced by the firm. In the act of procurement of products from suppliers the firm focuses on enhancing the parameters of core competence. Similarly because of the lack of proper infrastructure the distributors support is gained to distribute the products to the consumers in an enhanced manner (Wisner, Tan and Leong, 2008, p.52-53; Chitale and Gupta, 2007, p.9). The firms also tend to produce their products for it helps to reduce the risks associated with procuring the products from the external environment and also saves time and money expended by the firm in the search for the right suppliers. Buying in addition to increasing the risks also makes the firm spend huge money and time while the function of making requires the firm to assimilate all its resources to produce the products and thus reducin g the level of core competencies (Berk, 2010, p.90-91). The making or buying decision process also requires the evaluation of the different risks associated with such. In regards to making the product specific risks arises relating to the

Critically evaluate one aspect of your chosen reserach article Essay

Critically evaluate one aspect of your chosen reserach article - Essay Example On the other hand, qualitative methods are generally supported by the interpretivist (also referred to as constructivist) who portrays the world in which reality is socially constructed, complex, and ever changing. Each represents a fundamentally different inquiry paradigm and researcher actions are based on the underlying assumptions of each paradigm. Strauss and Corbin, (1990) states that qualitative research, is any kind of research that produces findings not arrived at by means of statistical procedures or other means of quantification. Quantitative researchers seek causal determination, prediction, and generalization of findings; while qualitative researchers seek instead illumination, and understanding to similar situations. Therefore, qualitative analysis results in a different type of knowledge than does quantitative inquiry. Glesne (1999) states that qualitative researchers seek out a variety of perspectives; they do not reduce the multiple interpretations to a norm. She adds that in qualitative research, face-to-face interactions are the predominant distinctive feature and also the basis for its most common problem. Such problem she states include researchers’ involvement with the people they study and the accompanying challenges, and opportunities that such closeness brings. Straus and Corbin (1990) claim that qualitative methods can be used to better understand any phenomenon about which little is yet known. They can also be used to gain new perspectives on things about which much is already known, or to gain more in-depth information that may be difficult to convey quantitatively, or where the researcher has determined that quantitative measures cannot adequately describe or interpret a situation. Questionnaires were used in the study as a means of collecting data from participants, with an aim in obtaining their personal views on the safety and security of their children. Campbell et al

Socrates View on Freud's Civilization and Its Discontents Term Paper

Socrates View on Freud's Civilization and Its Discontents - Term Paper Example In dealing with the reality, it may have become typical for the ego of a man to necessitate separating itself from the harsh truth of real inevitable circumstances, yet Freud must add that it is also through having a sense of genuine community, or of acknowledging the value of socialization and the distinct characteristic of companionship that would help resolve the alienating trait of the ego. To some extent, Freud may be met more than halfway in his claim that ego bears the counter potential of developing for itself an attribute which would make it become capable of securing happiness and fulfillment later on. This is the point where he provides adequate discourse of civilization and the tensions associated with the inner struggle of each individual to cope with its influence. However, Freud appears to draw inference at reducing this effort on arguing that the purpose of life executes fundamentally around the pleasure principle, designating projected human ends to a rather limited cause of shifting out of the cycle of consuming displeasure. It would have been better if, in the process of finding settlement with happiness and trying to rid oneself of suffering, highest human goal attainable which transcends discontents in the material world emerges in realization. He could have accounted for the possibility of going beyond the perception of pleasure as deeply embedded in every conscious faculty having the concern of gratifying the need to drive away incompetence. To Freud, it occurs that the ego assumes the chief role or is central in directing response as a human being attempts to explore various strategies by which to adapt to the environment in possession of elements of discontent to which an individual reacts to ascertain how particular circumstances can be worked to acquire the favor of securing contentment. In fairness though, ‘Civilization and Its Discontents’ signifies what Freud considers as a religious sentiment, brought about by an â₠¬Ëœoceanic feeling’ of wholeness, eternity, and limitlessness as if in a pure state of bliss. He elaborates nevertheless that such is of pathological origins which dissolve the boundary between ego and object of pleasure so that once this is achieved, one is led to a religious degree of relief with cares thrown away due to detachment of inclination to materialism which creates suffering from human weakness often predisposed to sexual desires and violent mode of aggression conventionally against figures of prominence. Freudian concept of ‘civilization’ refers to a man-made entity embodying materialization of human ideals that may eventually address proper gratification of instincts as well as serve to stimulate intellectual functions in order for the ego to manage its own foundation of placing balance between the ‘Id’ and the ‘Superego’. This is not significantly different from establishing a form of democracy which initially sustains mea sure of freedom and revolution desired by people yet this same democracy spontaneously guides the behavior of the latter to threats of evolving tyranny and disorder which are altogether unfavorable to the nation.

Individualised Education Plan for a child with ADD Essay

Individualised Education Plan for a child with ADD - Essay Example As it involves the hands, this activity which is carried out through multi-sensory movement affects individual psychology, for example, impulse control. Handwriting stimulates the brain with controlled stimulus and helps the child develop impulse control over a certain period of time. The executive functions of the frontal lobes of the brain which are common in autism and ADHD children can also be stimulated favourably for Marcus (Retrain the Brain, â€Å"Autism†). Capitalizing on this method of fine-tuning a child’s gross motor skills, the teacher must use handwriting in the class as much as possible. The teacher can also encourage doodling in the class in order to focus Marcus’s attention and motor skills on one particular activity at a time (Chatterjee, p. 2). The teacher can also call on Marcus to write on the blackboard as much as possible. â€Å"Writing on the board is a tremendous tool to use to help students develop fine motor skills, as the large body m ovements needed for writing on the board are prerequisites skills needed to eventually be successful with writing on lined paper† (Lougy, et.al., p. 93). In order to improve on Marcus’s self help skills, which would include his recognition of his drawer and his ability to place his things in the drawer in an orderly fashion, requires yet again the assistance of the teacher and also Marcus’s parents. By developing such skills, it is possible for Marcus to imbibe a sense of organization and intellectual devotion to a certain task, including that of taking care of his things. In the classroom, the teacher can colour-code the academic materials to be used. For example, all materials in relation to English can be coloured blue. Notebooks, books, binders, folders, and all related classroom materials can also be coloured blue (ADDitude, â€Å"ADHD Treatment†). The teacher can also place instructions or step-by-step routines in colourful signs in the classroom. For example,

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria - Essay Example The problems that exist in the available data for ABR is the fact that the reported cases are just approximations as given by various national summary tables which are able to give only a rough estimate of the real burden of illness. Thus there is no great precision in these figures and the real number of infections and deaths are therefore definitely higher than the figures provided. This problem can be overcome by doing studies in limited settings such a single hospital or a cluster of hospitals where the actual figures are taken (WHO, 2014). Resistance can be tackled by using antibiotics only on prescription by a certified health practitioner, completing full treatment dose, even after healing and avoiding sharing of antibiotics with other people or taking leftover prescriptions. The methods that have little impact are the ones that are single and isolated interventions such as prescription and dispensation of the right drugs without much education to the patient. These studies lack accuracy since the data used is only estimates. An appropriate study should be done in a limited setting and should be conclusive taking into account the cost and specific type of resistance witnessed and by what particular bacteria (WHO,

Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Questions - Assignment Example This can be through a market consultant hired on behalf of the company. The collection should be targeted in a manner that enables the understanding of the global market information that can help reduce market uncertainties. The market analysis surveys should also be conducted through segments and in a systematic manner. However, the collection of data in the market surveys may be two front; primary and secondary data. In the case of primary market research, the data collection from the foreign markets can be through initiated phone interviews, market surveys or through a direct contact with the market representatives and targeted consumers. However, primary research is expensive and time consuming. For secondary research, the data may be collected from sources such as international market reports, global economic and trade statistics, and from trade agencies operating in the targeted market/country (Rogers, 2001.p.230-237). In this, the overall human population in the country will aid in the estimation of the market size in terms of buyers potentiality. The same also helps in outlining the number and levels of competition present for the market (Iacobucci & Churchill, 2010.p.162-173). This entails looking at the economic climate of the country, and whether it is thriving and suitable for business. A recess or growth in the economy is determined through the identification of the GDP over the duration of time. This is in relation to taxes and import regulations in place such as tariffs and the influence of local and foreign suppliers, the promotional activities and the representation of sales in the country. This relates to the political system governing the country and the effect of the same on the ability to import. Issues like the legal system in use and the tariffs and non-tariff barriers need to be researched, as well, and the adoption of the International

The long term effects of drug abuse on the unborn fetus of a pregnant Dissertation

The long term effects of drug abuse on the unborn fetus of a pregnant mother - Dissertation Example It is believed that drug abuse by pregnant mothers causes maladaptive behaviors stemming from Axis II diagnosis including (but not limited to) bipolar disorders, borderline personality disorders, schizophrenia, conduct disorders, antisocial and learning disorders. Introduction Substance abuse is linked to a number of different physical and mental defects in the offspring of abusers. A large volume of research exists on the phenomenon and its various dimensions. The physical and mental disabilities endowed to the fetus of substance abusers are complex and have thus been categorized into various systems for closer examination. This research will largely be concerned with a systematic study of long term effects on the fetuses of substance abusers based on Axis II diagnosis alone. A large amount of rich material both of a qualitative and quantitative nature exists for the current research area. The current research will rely on the examination of existing literature since it has both qua ntitative findings and quantitative findings. This will allow the current research to utilize qualitative methods in order to derive qualitative findings that are supported by quantitative results. The current research could have been geared for a pure mixed methods research but the shortage of time and resources precludes any such methods. In order to investigate fetuses that are born from substance abusing mothers, a large sample set and an adequate amount of time is required. The typical time required for such research would be at least a few years since the born child would only display Axis II disorders when they reach their early learning years. However, the shortage of time and the lack of access to a large sample set ready to participate in quantitative research require that the current research be geared towards qualitative methods alone. As mentioned before, the provision of both qualitative and quantitative results also supports the contention that a comprehensive literat ure review would suffice for the current research. Background to Drug Abuse during Pregnancy Drug abuse refers to the consumption of drugs without direct medical advice or supervision. It is widely believed that drug abuse relates to the recreational abuse of mood altering substances but the use of any drugs for performance enhancement is also essentially drug abuse. Based on this classification, drug abuse involves drugs that are mood altering, performance enhancing as well as psychoactive in character. The use of any forms of drugs, whether legal or illegal, is considered as drug abuse as long as there is no medical justification for their use (Ksir & Ray, 2002). Another major feature of drug abuse is the dependence created by drug use. Drug abusers or substance abusers require continuous consumption of the subject drug in order to satisfy their body’s urges. The number of drugs being abused around the world is too large to be discussed within the framework of this research alone. However, the most common feature displayed by all used drugs is the tendency of the user to rely excessively on the subject drug for mood altering or performance enhancement purposes (Barrett, Meisner, & Stewart, 2008). The dependency of the drug abuser on the drugs causes the greatest problems during pregnancy because the drug abuser is unable to